Relative prevalence of agreeing complementizers

Agreeing complementizers

Complementizers are functional elements that introduce a clause as a complement of a lexical category or mark clauses as verbal arguments.

Defining complementizers for cross-linguistic comparison

Maps

Map 1.1 Distribution

Map 1.2 Relative prevalence

Relative prevalence

Map 3.2 shows the relative prevalence of languages with complementizer agreement within a convenience sample of 73 languages used in Bond et al. (2022). The sample was constructed for the purpose of exploring dependencies between target types in languages exhibiting evidence for at least one non-verbal agreement target belonging to the categories adverb, adposition, complementizer, noun or pronoun.

Map 3.2 Languages with complementizer agreement within a convenience sample of 73 languages exhibiting evidence for at least one non-verbal agreement target belonging to the categories adverb, adposition, complementizer, noun or pronoun.

Data

VarietyValueSources
Amur NivkhNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementPlanfilov 1965; Gruzdeva 1998; Nedjalkov & Otaina 2013
Aqusha DargwaNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementvan den Berg 1999; Ganenkov 2018
ArchiNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementKibrik 1977; Bond et al. 2016; Polinsky et al. 2017
ArosiNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementCapell 1971; Lynch & Horoi 2002
AuComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementScorza 1985
AvarNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementAlekseev & Ataev 1998; Rudnev 2020
BagwalalNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementKibrik 2001
BatsNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementHolisky & Gagua 1994; p.c. Jesse Wichers Schreur
BavarianComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementWeise 1907; Weiß 2005; Fuẞ 2014
BezhtaNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementComrie, Khalilov & Khalilova 2015
BotlikhNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSaidova & Abusov 2012
BukusuComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementDiercks 2010; Carstens & Diercks 2013
Central PashtoNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementTegey & Robson 1996; Brugman 2014; David & Goodman 2014; Fox & David 2014
ChamalalNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementMagomedova 1999
ChechenNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementNichols 1994
ChokweComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementMartins 1990; Kawasha 2007; Kawasha 2008
CoahuiltecoComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementTroike 1981; Troike 1996; Branan 2019
Coastal MarindNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementOlsson 2017; Olsson 2021; Olsson 2023
CosentinoNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementLedgeway 2009; Ledgeway 2011; Ledgeway 2017
EjaghamComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementWatters 1981; Güldemann 2008
FinnishComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementLehman 1982; Karlsson 2018
Forest EnetsNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSiegl 2011; Chumakina 2023; Khanina & Shluinsky 2023
Gagatl Andi No complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSalimov 2010
GodoberiNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSaidova 1973; Kibrik 1995; Haspelmath 1999; Haspelmath 1996
Gujarati Complementizer agreement Complementizer agreementHook & Joshi 1991; Cardona & Suthar 2003; Bhatt 2005
HinuqNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementForker 2013
HopiNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementLangacker 1977; Kalectaca 1978; Masayesva-Jeanne 1978; Bliss 2004
HungarianNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementLehman 1982; Kenesei, Vago & Fenyvesi 1998; p.c. Dávid Győrfi
HunzibNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementvan den Berg 1995
IbibioComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementKauffman 1968; Torrence 2016
IkalangaComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementLetsholo 2002; Letsholo & Safir 2019
Inkhoqwari KhwarshiNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementKhalilova 2009; Chumakina & Lyutikova 2023
IrishNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementGreene 1966; Brennan 2008; Stenson 2020
KairiruNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementWivell 1981; Ross 2002
KpelleComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementIdiatov 2010; Konoshenko 2013; Konoshenko 2015
KwarandzyeyNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSouag 2010; Souag 2015
LakNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementKazenin 2013
LakotaNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementRood & Taylor 1996; Pustet 2000
LavukaleveNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementTerrill 2003
LimbumComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementFransen 1995
LuchaziComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementFleisch 2000; Kawasha 2007
LundaComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementKawasha 2003; Kawasha 2007
LuvaleComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementHorton 1949; Kawasha 2007
ManoNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementIdiatov 2010; Konoshenko 2013; Konoshenko 2015
Marathi No complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementPandharipande 2003; Dhongde & Wali 2009
Marwari No complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementMagier 1983; Gusain 2004
MawngNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementEvans 2000; Singer 2006
MosetenNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSakel 2004
MussomeliNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementLedgeway 2011; Ledgeway 2017
NandeComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementBaker 2008
NantiComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementMichael 2008; Michael 2012
Northern AkhwakhNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementCreissels 2012; Creissels 2018
PolishComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementCitko 2018; Swan 2002
RipanoComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementPaciaroni & Loporcaro 2018; Lopocaro et al. 2020; Paciaroni 2023; D'Alessandro 2020
Samatiguila JulaComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementBraconnier 1987; Idiatov 2010; Konoshenko 2013
Southern AkhvakhNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementMuraviev, forthcoming
SuaboNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementde Vries 2004
Tanti DargwaNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementSumbatova & Lander 2014; Sumbatova 2023; p.c. Nina Sumbatova
TehitNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementFlassy 1991; Hesse 2000
TeiwaComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementKlamer 2010; Sauerland, Hollebrandse & Kratochvíl 2020
TeopNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementMosel & Thiesen 2007; Mosel 2010; Mosel n.d.
TindiNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementMagomedova 2003
Tokita No complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementMagomedbekova 1971; Magomedova & Khalidova 2001
TsakhurNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementIbragimov 1990; Kibrik 1999a; Kibrik 1999b; Kazenin & Testelets 1999
TsezNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementPolinsky 2015
Tundra NenetsNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementNikolaeva 2014
TuraComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementBearth 1971; Idiatov 2010; Konoshenko 2013
UdiheNo complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementNikolaeva & Tolskaya 2001
Urdu No complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementBhatt 2005; Kachru 2006; Shapiro 2013; Butt et al. 2016
WelshComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementBorsley 2009
West FlemishComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementHaegeman 2000
West FrisianComplementizer agreement Complementizer agreementvan der Meer 1991; Zwart 1993
Zilo Andi No complementizer agreement No complementizer agreementKaye 2023; Kaye, in press; Kaye et al., in press

Data sources



References

Bond, Oliver, Steven Kaye & Marina Chumakina. 2022. A typology of agreement targets. Paper given at the 55th Societas Linguistica Europaea meeting (SLE 55), University of Bucharest, August 26, 2022.