Language profiles

Data summaries

Each language variety listed in our set of language profiles belongs to one or more language sample used in our typological work. Each language profile comprises a summary of key data for that variety, and can be accessed from the main navigation menu, or by following the links below:

• Archi (Dagestanian)

Distribution of sample languages

Many of the varieties we are aware of in which agreement is attested on a non-verbal agreement target (beyond auxiliaries, converbs and predicative adjectives) are shown in Map 5.1. This map is currently under construction and should not be taken to be the extent of the varieties we are aware of that have non-verbal agreement targets of the type under consideration here.

Map 5.1 Varieties exhibiting evidence for at least one non-verbal agreement target, colour coded by genus.

Cross-linguistic sample

The cross-linguistic sample used in our typological work comprises instances of language varieties with agreement on at least one non-verbal agreement target (excluding auxiliaries, converbs and predicative adjectives). Providing sufficient evidence is available to demonstrate that a non-verbal agreement target covaries in form based on the formal or semantic properties of an identifiable controller, languages are included here, even if our knowledge of their agreement system as a whole remain unknown. This is an unstratified convenience sample. The distribution of many of the known varieties is mapped in Map 5.1.

Bucharest sample

The Bucharest sample comprises 73 varieties with agreement on one or more type of non-verbal agreement targets (of the type adverb, adposition, complementizer, noun or pronoun) where we have access to sources that explicitly qualify the extent of agreement within the language, specifically which agreement target types are attested. This is an unstratified convenience sample that contains a subset of varieties in the broader cross-linguistic sample. This sample was used in Bond et al. (2022), presented in Bucharest.

Data

Variety	Genus	Cross-linguistic sample	Bucharest Sample
Amur Nivkh	Nivkh	YES	YES
Rikwani Andi	Dagestanian	YES	NO
Aqusha Dargwa	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Archi	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Arosi	Oceanic	YES	YES
Au	Nuclear Torricelli	YES	YES
Avar	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Bagwalal	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Bats	Nakh	YES	YES
Bavarian	Germanic	YES	YES
Bezhta	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Bhitrauti	Indo-Aryan	YES	NO
Botlikh	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Bukusu	Bantoid	YES	YES
Carib	Cariban	YES	NO
Central Pashto	Iranian	YES	YES
Chamalal	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Chechen	Nakh	YES	YES
Chokwe	Bantoid	YES	YES
Coahuilteco	Coahuilteco	YES	YES
Coastal Marind	Anim	YES	YES
Cosentino	Romance	YES	YES
East Dangaleat	Chadic	YES	NO
Ejagham	Bantoid	YES	YES
Elamite	Elamite	YES	NO
Even	Tungusic	YES	NO
Finnish	Finnic	YES	YES
Forest Enets	Samoyedic	YES	YES
Gagatl Andi	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Godoberi	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Gujarati	Indo-Aryan	YES	YES
Hinuq	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Hopi	Uto-Aztecan	YES	YES
Hungarian	Hungarian	YES	YES
Hunzib	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Ibibio	Delta-Cross	YES	YES
Idakho	Bantoid	YES	NO
Ikalanga	Bantoid	YES	YES
Ilgar Garig	Iwaidjan	YES	NO
Ingush	Nakh	YES	NO
Inkhoqwari Khwarshi	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Irish	Celtic	YES	YES
Iwaidja	Iwaidjan	YES	NO
Jowulu	Mande	YES	NO
Kairiru	Oceanic	YES	YES
Kipsigis	Nilotic	YES	NO
Ko Mende	Mande	YES	NO
Kpelle	Mande	YES	YES
Kuot	Oceanic	YES	NO
Kwarandzyey	Songhay	YES	YES
Lak	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Lakota	Siouan	YES	YES
Lavukaleve	Lavukaleve	YES	YES
Limbum	Bantoid	YES	YES
Luchazi	Bantoid	YES	YES
Lunda	Bantoid	YES	YES
Luvale	Bantoid	YES	YES
Luwanga	Bantoid	YES	NO
Mano	Mande	YES	YES
Marathi	Indo-Aryan	YES	YES
Marwari	Indo-Aryan	YES	YES
Mawng	Iwaidjan	YES	YES
Megrelian	Kartvelian	YES	NO
Mosetén	Mosetén-Chimané	YES	YES
Mussomeli	Romance	YES	YES
Nande	Bantoid	YES	YES
Nanti	Arawakan	YES	YES
Northern Akhwakh	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Palula	Indo-Aryan	YES	NO
Panjabi	Indo-Aryan	YES	NO
Poguli Kashmiri	Indo-Aryan	YES	NO
Polish	Slavic	YES	YES
Ripano	Romance	YES	YES
Saamia	Bantoid	YES	NO
Samatiguila Jula	Mande	YES	YES
Sandawe	Sandawe	YES	NO
Shipibo	Panoan	YES	NO
Sindhi	Indo-Aryan	YES	NO
South Paiute	Uto-Aztecan	YES	NO
Southern Akhwakh	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Southern Samo Yaba	Mande	YES	NO
Suabo	Inanwatan	YES	YES
Tanti Dargwa	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Tehit	West Birds Head	YES	YES
Teiwa	Alor-Pantar	YES	YES
Teop	Oceanic	YES	YES
Tindi	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Tokita	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Tsakhur	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Tsez	Dagestanian	YES	YES
Tundra Nenets	Samoyedic	YES	YES
Tura	Mande	YES	YES
Udihe	Tungusic	YES	YES
Urdu	Indo-Aryan	YES	YES
Waja	Gur	YES	NO
Welsh	Celtic	YES	YES
West Flemish	Germanic	YES	YES
West Frisian	Germanic	YES	YES
Yaqua	Anim	YES	NO
Zilo Andi	Dagestanian	YES	YES

Data sources

References

Bond, Oliver, Steven Kaye and Marina Chumakina. 2022. A typology of agreement targets. Paper given at the 55th Societas Linguistica Europaea meeting (SLE 55), University of Bucharest, August 26, 2022.